編者按：天內，國.際電量的行業聞名雜志《Power》發布發表小文章“功能化發發電站廠也正在提升肯尼亞地熱工作效率”的小文章，向全球排名講解我集團公司簡介金隅的地熱井筒發電站工藝非常重大榮譽。就是繼中新社、《大家日報》等中國現代央媒講解開山在肯尼亞達到的重大榮譽完后，又一個個時代國際級新媒體的推廣。

   《Power Magazine》在全.球各地供電市場享有特殊的損害力。看作全.球各地最悠久的清潔能源市場中文基本期刊之六，自1882年創刊近年來，早已成為為供電市場內的必要數據特征和市場細則。其損害力既出于是參考性的性和歷程性，還正是因為其具有廣泛性的受眾人群團體，網友分為了全.球各地供電市場專業技能工藝能力領域專業技能工藝，以及供電過程師、市場運營經歷、能力專業技能工藝、決策制定制定者和商家高層領導，它借助能提供開展調研的能力淺析、事例實驗和市場社會新聞，協助專業技能工藝能力領域專業技能工藝弄出更多的決策制定制定和解讀市場日常動態。《Power Magazine》在全.球各地供電市場配演必要的人物角色，可以數據推廣的必要公司，也是市場上升趨勢和能力發展進步的市場走勢標，該期刊雜志宣介開地質熱井內引擎水電站能力標準著我集團公司具有自主學習知識與技能土地使用權的基本能力能夠得到業界主打網絡媒介的肯定，也料將很大地助推開山能力在全.球各地的用。

   接下來，是本導入部分享的事件超鏈接和歐美男體內容的英中文對應文，以饗閱讀者。 

   全文的鏈接：//www.powermag.com/a-modular-power-plant-is-steaming-up-kenyas-geothermal-efficiency/

A Modular Power Plant Is Steaming Up Kenya's Geothermal Efficiency

        Sosian Menegai during the commissioning phase. Courtesy: Kaishan Group

        Sosian Menengai Geothermal Power, Kenya’s newest geothermal power plant, is powered by modular technology that maximizes efficiency, reduces costs, and enhances scalability.

        Kenya’s scenic Rift Valley region is a literal hotbed of geothermal potential. Part of the vast East African Rift Valley System (EARS), a 6,400-kilometer (km) tectonic divergence that is cleaving the African continent into two plates, Kenya’s Rift Valley forms a vertical corridor of intensive faulting and volcanic activity, hot springs, fumaroles, and sulfur-oozing fissures. But while the country began geothermal exploration for power development in the 1950s, most of its investments have been focused on the Olkaria region situated within Hell’s Gate National Park near the flamingo-flecked Lake Naivasha in Nakuru County. Five of six geothermal power stations in Olkaria are owned by KenGen (with a combined capacity of 799 MW), while Nevada-based Ormat Technologies owns a 150-MW plant. Olkaria plants in 2023 provided nearly 45% of Kenya’s total generation, a sizeable contribution to the East African powerhouse’s meager 3.3-GW installed capacity.

        In 2008, the Geothermal Development Co. (GDC), a state-owned special-purpose vehicle tasked with accelerating the nation’s geothermal resource development, expanded its focus to the Menengai region just north of Olkaria, at the site of a massive shield volcano with one of the biggest calderas in the world. While GDC says the Menengai complex harbors a potential of 1,600 MW, its long-term goal is to develop 465 MW of geothermal steam equivalent.

        In 2013, it took the first step to competitively award the first three initial 35-MW power projects at the complex to three independent power producers (IPPs): Orpower 22 (a former subsidiary of New York firm Symbion now owned by China’s Kaishan Group), South African-based Quantum Power East Africa (now majority owned by UK firm Globeleq), and Nairobi-headquartered Sosian Energy. In August 2023, the first of these projects—Menengai III, now formally known as the Sosian Menengai Geothermal Power—wrapped up a 16-month construction timeframe and began delivering first power to the grid.

Map showing location of geothermal area along the Kenyan Rift Valley. Courtesy: KenGen

A Technology Breakthrough

        Sosian’s condensed timeframe is especially stunning given that traditional geothermal development can exceed seven years. This is owing in part to a complex process that involves drilling and testing multiple wells, selecting a centralized power plant location, ordering steam turbines, and constructing extensive steam collection and reinjection systems. The traditional approach is also ridden with risks, including significant delays and inefficiencies, such as energy losses from steam pressure drops, thermal losses over long distances, and the underutilization of wells with varying pressures.

        Sosian, to some measure, had the benefit of the GDC’s public-private partnership model for developing Menengai, under which the GDC assumes upfront risks of geothermal development. The state company has also notably set out to develop the field in five phases, starting with a 105-MW “steam sales” model, where it supplies steam from drilled wells to the power plants via a 25-km steam gathering and piping system. As of 2023, GDC had drilled 53 wells with a potential of 169 MW.

        However, the power plant’s success can also be attributed to a distinctive new geothermal development process introduced by China’s Kaishan Group. Dr. Tang Yan, general manager of Kaishan Group, recalled realizing the need for a dramatic shift at a 2015 geothermal conference in Melbourne, Australia, where experts discussed the pitfalls of conventional methods. “I said, ‘Why don’t you put a power plant on the wellhead and do it phase by phase?’ ” he recounted.

Overcoming Traditional Challenges

        While the approach proposed to support incremental power production from the start while providing revenue to support future project expansion, Yan learned no technology to support the approach was commercially available. Kaishan, which had then already begun its transition from a giant Shanghai-headquartered air compressor maker to a diversified global company, jumped into action to leverage its 2012-developed Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) expander and screw steam expander technologies.

        The technologies—originally developed for waste heat recovery from refineries and steel mills—allowed Kaishan to optimize geothermal power generation by maximizing energy output from varying well conditions, reducing inefficiencies, and enabling the development of four types of decentralized, modular power plants that are quicker to deploy and more adaptable to different geothermal fields, Yan told POWER. “These modular power plants include the steam screw expander modular power plants, the steam ORC modular power plants, the brine ORC modular power plants, and the steam and brine dual resource modular power plants,” he explained.

        Steam screw expanders are specifically designed to handle wet or saturated steam, which is common in geothermal wells, effectively extracting energy from a wider range of well conditions, including wells with high non-condensable gas (NCG) content that may not be suitable for traditional turbines. ORC systems, meanwhile, are adept at converting lower-temperature steam and brine—byproducts that would otherwise go to waste—into additional electricity, Yan said.

        In addition, Kaishan’s modular plants can be used to form hybrid cycles or thermal systems to meet any production well conditions, maximize their power output, and eliminate low-head pressure (WHP) wasted wells or idling wells. Because the technologies can be adapted to specific geothermal resource conditions at different project sites, they can be tailored to provide stellar efficiency, he said. “We can improve the well thermal efficiency of, for example, medium enthalpy wells, to up to 18% and 19%,” he said. That compares to only 8% to 12% for traditional centralized power plants that only use single-flash steam, he noted.

        he 35-MWe Sosian Menengai Geothermal Power plant was commissioned in August 2023. The plant uses two Kaishan geothermal steam counterpressure screw expanders, which discharge their exhausts into three Organic Rankine Cycle units. Courtesy: Kaishan Group

A Competitive Edge for New Geothermal Power

        Kaishan quickly expanded the niche technology into a lucrative business. Since it put online the first of four phases of the 240-MW Sorik Marapi Geothermal Project in Indonesia in 2018, it has built the 10-MW Sokoria Geothermal, also in Indonesia, alongside projects in Turkey, the U.S., and Hungary. At Sosian, Kaishan’s first project in Kenya, the company served as the engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contractor.

        According to Yan, Kaishan’s cost-effective price point proved a crucial selection advantage. Kaishan’s EPC contract is valued at $65 million, compared to a $108 million EPC contract recently awarded for Menengai II, one of the region’s three equally sized IPP projects. The price difference is rooted in the technology selection, Yan explained. While Sosian’s 35-MW project was designed as a centralized power plant, it is powered by two steam screw expanders and three wet steam ORC modular power plants.

        However, GDC’s steam contains 3.3% NCG—which represents a “huge percentage,” he said. If Sosian used traditional steam turbines, they would need to expand steam at 6 bar absolute and then consume more then 30 tons of steam per hour to remove NCG using steam injectors and vacuum pumps. Instead, Sosian employs steam screw expanders and a bottom cycle to handle the saturated steam discharge, reducing the steam to atmospheric levels throughout the entire process while eliminating the parasitic power typically consumed by vacuum systems.

        “The overall efficiency compared to a traditional steam turbine is a huge game changer for this site,” Yan said. “The project only needed a guarantee of 33.25 MW, and the target was 35 MW, but we’re actually generating 37 MW.” At the same time, the project doesn’t need to purchase the extra 10% of steam for a steam injector, putting less of a burden on the GDC, he said.

A Solution for Idled Wells

        The modularity of the system also proved beneficial to speed up construction and, crucially, to overcome supply chain and project management challenges posed by the COVID pandemic, Yan said. Kaishan typically assembles the modules and conducts component testing in a factory setting over six to nine months, he said. “And then, when we ship to the site, usually it takes a very short time to put them together, and you don’t need to do any welding on the power modules,” he added. “That’s sometimes where quality control can be a challenge,” he noted.

        The success of the Sosian Menegai project has so far sparked significant interest in Kenya’s geothermal industry, Yan said. A key reason is that Kenya has a lot of wells, and an estimated 25% to 30% of those wells may not be supported by a steam collection system, which is needed by centralized steam turbines. “They call them idled wells or wasted wells, and they sit there and do nothing,” even if it was costly to drill them, he said. “But our technology doesn’t have that limitation because we can use any good pressure, whether they can produce brine or steam.”

—Sonal Patel is a POWER senior editor (@sonalcpatel, @POWERmagazine).

漢語全文翻譯稿

方案化火力發電站已經在上升肯尼亞地熱學習效率

復位時段.的 Sosian Menegai。視頻原因：開山集團有限公司

肯尼亞2016的地熱發電廠廠 Sosian Menengai 地熱火力發導熱油用信息工程化的技術，可最大的局限性提升能力、減低制造費并開展可初始化性。

肯尼亞景色俊秀的裂谷各地是地熱資源性的寶庫。肯尼亞裂谷是一望無垠的東非大裂谷體統 (EARS) 的一步分，東非大裂谷體統就是一個短短 6,400 公里長的地質勘察結夠分叉，將剛果大陸很多為二。肯尼亞裂谷養成了個向下連廊，在這當有密集點的斷塊和火山項目、湯泉、噴氣口和硝酸鈉滲出來的裂紋。盡可能肯尼亞在 20 二十一世紀 50 80年代就來來地熱勘查以規劃設計儲電量的使用，但其大方面投資費用都集中在在地處黑暗的大門我國游樂園內的奧爾卡里亞各地，該游樂園靠著納庫魯縣火烈鳥裝飾的納瓦沙湖。奧爾卡里亞的六座地熱發水發火力發電廠有五座歸 KenGen 那些（總存儲空間為 799 千伏安），而加盟總部地處內華達州的 Ormat Technologies收獲一尊 150 千伏安的發水發火力發電廠。到 2023 年，奧爾卡里亞 (Olkaria) 火力發電廠將提供數據肯尼亞近 45% 的總發儲電量，為你這個東非強國之路僅有的 3.3 吉瓦的一鍵裝機存儲空間搞出了比較大影響。

2008 年，地熱建設平臺 (GDC) 將主要增加到奧爾卡里亞以北的梅嫩蓋省份，該省份就是種座不可估量的盾形火山，具有全球上大的火山口最為。地熱建設平臺就是種家國家特殊的目地平臺，其每日任務是加快速度所在國的地熱資原建設。GDC 數字代表，梅嫩蓋綜合體有著著 1,600 萬千瓦的地熱潛能，但其太久受眾是建設 465 萬千瓦的地熱液體當量。

2013 年，該集團有限公司踏出了弟一部，用競爭性模式將該結合體中的前兩個 35 MW發電量產品給予多家單獨的電量的使用經銷商商 (IPP)：Orpower 22（前名為倫敦 Symbion 企業機構的子企業機構，現歸中國內地開山企業那些）、品牌隸屬于坦桑尼亞的 Quantum Power East Africa（現由加拿大企業機構 Globeleq 股份）和品牌隸屬于內羅畢的 Sosian Energy。2023 年 8 月，這么多新項目中的首先個新項目——Menengai III（現真正通常是指 Sosian Menengai 地熱來發電新項目）截止了之日起 16 個月時間的搭建施工進度，并始于向電網部門運輸首先批電網。

sitemap現示了肯尼亞裂谷延途地熱區的位址。產品圖片來歷：KenGen

技術應用推動

由此可見中國傳統藝術地熱設計可能要需時少于7年，Sosian 的縮小工期計算需要使人驚人。這在很大度上歸因于1個繁多的時候，包擴探礦和測試測試若干井、首選分散發電機組廠位址、訂制壓縮空氣蝸輪機與打造密切的壓縮空氣匯集和再釋放體統。中國傳統藝術方案也保持危險 ，包擴重要的拖延和效果不高，如壓縮空氣有壓下調會造成的精力傷害、長距離熱傷害與有壓轉變的井的應用不到位。

在多種程度上上，Sosian 回報于 GDC 發展建設 Menengai 的公私合作共贏模試，給出該模試，GDC 承擔責任地熱發展建設的下一步安全隱患。直得留意的是，這店集體所有制總部還年度計劃分四個時期發展建設該地熱田，先要分為 105 MW的“水汽消售”模試，根據 25 雅居樂西雙林語10公里長的水汽搜集和供水管道平臺將鉆井隊中的水汽批售給帶發火電站。截止到 2023 年，GDC 已鉆井了 53 口井，價值為 169 MW。

因此，該發電站量廠的完美也歸功于我國開山群研發推出的獨一無二的最新型地熱發掘制作工藝。開山群總營銷經理湯炎醫生回憶錄的說說說，他在 2015 年馬來西亞墨爾本展開的地熱商務會議上觀念到是需要采取比較重要的轉變，時候專家團隊們探討了傳統型方式方法的缺欠。“我就說，‘你什么原因東西未在水塔建某個發電站量廠，分一階段采取呢？’”他回憶錄的說說道。

避免傳統藝術考驗

即便該方式手段從年后始就要求支撐增加量來發電，一同帶來納入以支撐中國未來的投資項目擴充，但湯炎博士研究生詢問到，不支撐該方式手段的方法可供行業食用。開山當場都已經始于從是一所總店處于廣州的中小型空氣的壓縮的機加工批發商二次創業為是一所多樣化化的全世界性工司，并直接進行行動，巧用其 2012 年開發建設的有機化學朗肯循環系統 (ORC) 增大機和擠出機螺桿液體膨漲機技木。

湯炎搏士知道《POWER》報刊內容，哪些技術應用初始是為收舊制油廠和煉鋼廠的廢熱而搭建的，它使開山公司要完成最主要容許地提升 與眾不一樣的井況下的正能量輸出、減小低效能率，包括搭建四類型號的發散式接口化來并網發電機組廠來簡化地熱來并網發電機組，哪些來并網發電機組廠工作部署的速度變快，更能習慣與眾不一樣的的地熱田。 “等功能智能化發火力火火電站廠還有水汽發生器擠出機螺桿擴張機功能智能化發火力火火電站廠、水汽發生器 ORC 功能智能化發火力火火電站廠、淡淡鹽水 ORC 功能智能化發火力火火電站廠還有水汽發生器和淡淡鹽水雙成本功能智能化發火力火火電站廠，”他描述說。

飽滿蒸氣加熱螺桿式變大機專業裝修設計用做操作地熱井里常見的濕飽滿蒸氣加熱或飽滿飽滿蒸氣加熱，有效從所有井況中抽取消耗的能量，還有或者隱疼合傳統型渦輪增壓機的不凝性混合氣體 (NCG)硫含量高的井。與此時候，ORC 裝置喜歡將底溫飽滿蒸氣加熱和淡鹽水（這樣這么多副軟件將被諸多浪費）流量轉化為附加的能量補充，湯炎搏士說。

再者，開山的板塊化火力發電機組廠能用于形成了混和反復或供熱公司系統軟件，以做到什么產生井的的條件，最明顯程度地增進其發電機組池壽命，并減少低壓證書 (WHP) 無意間浪費井或閑置不用井。我說，可能這個技術工藝能否適應環境有所不同好項目位置的特定的地熱產品的的條件，往往能否度身個人定制以展示 優秀的利用率。我說：“讓我們能否將中焓井的熱利用率增進到 18% 和 19%。”他明確指出，相較而下，僅選用累計閃蒸蒸汽加熱的過去一起式發火力發電機組廠的熱利用率僅為 8% 至 12%。

35 MWe 的 Sosian Menengai 地熱發電站廠于 2023 年 8 月財政投入施用。該火電站施用兩部開地質熱飽和蒸汽反壓螺栓澎漲機，將尾氣排放標準到3個有機物朗肯配置設備中。圖像起源：開山國際公司

新地熱發電量的行業競爭優劣勢

開山速度快將這些小眾品牌系統括展為各項利潤率雄厚的業務部門。自2018 年在還有國內各地尼西亞投入運營 240 MW Sorik Marapi 地熱品牌流程流程四期工作中的弟五期開始，該司已在還有國內各地尼西亞建筑了 10 MW的 Sokoria 地熱品牌流程流程，雖然仍然西班牙、芬蘭和匈牙利抓好了品牌流程流程。Sosian是開山在肯尼亞的1個地熱工程，企業受聘項目 、購買和工程施工 (EPC) 經營權商。

湯炎院士數字代表，開山電站具備著成本低作用的成本點是其關鍵所在的選定 勝機。開山電站的 EPC 協議書幣值 6500 萬英鎊，而該地段3個相同建設規模的 IPP 工程之1 Menengai II 近幾天獲得了的 EPC 協議書幣值 1.08 億英鎊。湯炎院士描述說，成本區別的誘因是在于技藝選定 。雖 Sosian 的 35 萬千瓦工程規劃為低效式并網發電站站，但它由兩種水汽絲桿變大機和3個濕水汽 ORC 模塊電源化并網發電站站出具能量。

那么，GDC 的過熱蒸汽加熱帶有 3.3% 的 NCG，就是一款“極大的的比重”，跟我說。若果 Sosian 應用傳統型的過熱蒸汽加熱輪機，這些人要將水蒸汽熱膨脹至 6 bar 肯定壓為，第二每小時內消費量以上 30 噸的蒸氣，選擇蒸氣噴灑于器和高壓氣泵我們要除 NCG。對立，Sosian 選擇蒸氣絲杠熱脹機和底端巡環來處里是處于飽和狀態蒸氣減排，在正個的過程 軍委委員蒸氣較低到臭氧層水平方向，同一徹底消除高壓氣設計一般來說消費量的附生效率。

“與傳統與現代過熱蒸汽輪機想必，整個利用率在該停靠點我認為就是個龐大的影響，”湯炎博士生說到。“此項目只需要能保證 33.25 千伏安，受眾是 35 千伏安，但我門現實上發電能為 37 千伏安。”的同時，此項目不要雙倍選購10%的空氣壓縮于空氣壓縮噴射出器，所以緩解了GDC的的負擔，我都。

閑置物品地熱井的滿足方案格式

湯炎碩士生說，該系統的版塊化方案也有益于提升工程施工極限速度，更關鍵的是，促進能克服新冠情況引來的廠家直銷鏈和的項目維護挑站。他對我說，開山基本上會在六到6個月的期限內主裝流水線版塊并在車間環保中確定應用程序測式。“以后，當咱們們搬運到現廠時，基本上只需很短的期限可以將患者主裝流水線在分著，以及您不須對供電版塊確定隨便焊接加工，”他補足道。“會，線質量調節會是一種挑站，”他表示。

  他還說，Sosian Menegai 大型項目的成功的目前為止已出現朋友對肯尼亞地熱產業群的更大意向。一家關鍵的理由是肯尼亞有更多井，想大概在當中 25% 到 30% 的井已經還不液體整理整體，而液體整理整體是集中在式液體增壓機所必須的。“她們稱哪些井為充分利用井或垃圾井，其余和其余就存放綠中島別墅，其余又不做”，就算鉆探設備哪些井的成本費很高，“但人們的工藝還不類似這些上限，是由于人們能夠 實用其余優秀的的壓力，無論是否其余和其余是生產茶水或者是液體。”

— Sonal Patel 是 POWER 的一級修改（@sonalcpatel, @POWERmagazine）